Blood Glucose Monitors
Reference ranges for blood tests Interpretation
The range is usually defined as the set of values 95 percent of the normal population falls within (that is, 95% prediction interval), or two standard deviations from the mean, although the definition may differ (see Definition of reference range). It is determined by collecting data from vast numbers of laboratory tests.
Plasma or whole blood
All values (except the exceptions below) denote blood plasma concentration, which is approximately 60-100% larger than the actual blood concentration if the amount inside red blood cells (RBCs) is negligible. The precise factor depends on hematocrit as well as amount inside RBCs. Exceptions are mainly those values that denote total blood concentration, and in this article they are:
All values in Hematology - red blood cells (except hemoglobin in plasma)
All values in Hematology - white blood cells
Platelet count (Plt)
A few values are for inside red blood cells only:
Vitamin B9 (Folic acid/Folate) in red blood cells
Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC)
Units
Mass concentration (g/dL or g/L) is the most common measurement unit in the United States. Is usually given with dL (decilitres) as the denominator in the United States, and usually with L (litres) in, for example, Sweden.
Molar concentration (mol/L) is used to a higher degree in most of the rest of the world, including the United Kingdom and other parts of Europe and Australia and New Zealand.
International units (IU) are based on measured biological activity or effect, or for some substances, a specified equivalent mass.
Enzyme activity (kat) is commonly used for e.g. liver function tests like AST, ALT, LD and -GT in Sweden.
Arterial or venous
If not else specified, a reference range for a blood test is generally the venous range, as the standard process of obtaining a sample is by venipuncture. An exception is for acid-base and blood gases, which are generally given for arterial blood.
Still, the blood values are approximately equal between the arterial and venous sides for most substances, with the exception of acid-base, blood gases and drugs (used in therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) assays). Arterial levels for drugs are generally higher than venous levels because of extraction while passing through tissues.
Inaccuracy
Main article: Reference range#Inaccuracy
References range will vary with age, sex, race, diet, use of prescribed or herbal drugs, stress and even the instruments used. The samples may deviate from normal distribution. Furthermore, reference ranges only denote what are usual values in the population, and do not directly correlate with the ranges for optimal health. In case of substantial difference, there may additionally be an optimal range specified for the substance. Finally, the test procedure itself may be erroneous or inaccurate.
Sorted by concentration
A separate printable combined image is available for mass and molarity
Smaller, narrower boxes indicate a more tight homeostatic regulation when measured as standard "usual" reference range.
By mass and molarity
Hormones predominate at the left part of the scale, shown with a red at ng/L or pmol/L, being in very low concentration. There appears to be the greatest cluster of substances in the yellow part (g/L or nmol/L), becoming sparser in the green part (mg/L or mol/L). However, there is another cluster containing many metabolic substances like cholesterol and glucose at the limit with the blue part (g/L or mmol/L).
To translate a substance from the molar to the mass concentration scale above:
Numerically: molar concentration x molar mass = mass concentration
Measured directly in distance on the scales:
, where distance is in number of decades or "octaves" to the right the mass concentration is found. To translate from mass to molar concentration, the dividend (molar mass and the divisor (1000) in the division change places, or, alternatively, distance to right is changed to distance to left. Substances with a molar mass around 1000g/mol (e.g. thyroxine) are almost vertically aligned in the mass and molar images. Adrenocorticotropic hormone, on the other hand, with a molar mass of 4540, is 0.7 decades to the right in the mass image. Substances with molar mass below 1000g/mol (e.g. electrolytes and metabolites) would have "negative" distance, that is, masses deviating to the left.
Many substances given in mass concentration are not given in molar amount because they haven't been added to the article.
By units
Units don't necessarily tell anything about molarity or mass.
A few substances are below this main interval, e.g. thyroid stimulating hormone, being measured in mU/L, or above, like rheumatoid factor and CA19-9, being measured in U/mL.
By enzyme activity
White blood cells
Clinical biochemistry
Clinical chemistry (also known as "clinical biochemistry", "chemical pathology" or "pure blood chemistry") is the area of pathology that is generally concerned with analysis of bodily fluids.
Electrolytes and Metabolites
Electrolytes and Metabolites: For iron and copper, some related proteins are also included.
Test
Patient type
Lower limit
Upper limit
Unit
Comments
Sodium (Na)
135, 137
145, 147
mmol/L or mEq/L
31 , 32
33 , 34
mg/dl
Potassium (K)
3.5 , 3.6
5.0 , 5.1
mmol/L or mEq/L
See hypokalemia or hyperkalemia
14
20
mg/dl
Chloride (Cl)
95, 98, 100
105, 106, 110
mmol/L or mEq/L
340
370
mg/dl
Osmolality
275, 280, 281
295, 296, 297
mOsm/kg
Plasma weight excludes solutes
Osmolarity
Slightly less than osmolality
mOsm/l
Plasma volume includes solutes
Urea
1.2, 3.0
3.0, 7.0
mmol/L
BUN - blood urea nitrogen
7
18, 21
mg/dL
* Uric acid
0.18
0.48
mmol/L
Female
2.0
7.0
mg/dL
Male
2.1
8.5
mg/dL
Creatinine
male
60 , 68
90 , 118
mol/L
May be complemented with creatinine clearance
0.7 , 0.8
1.0 , 1.3
mg/dL
female
50 , 68
90 , 98
mol/L
0.6 , 0.8
1.0 , 1.1
mg/dL
BUN/Creatinine Ratio
5
35
-
Plasma glucose (fasting)
3.8 , 4.0
6.0 , 6.1
mmol/L
See also glycosylated hemoglobin (in hematology)
65, 70, 72
100, 110
mg/dL
Full blood glucose (fasting)
3.3
5.6
mmol/L
60
100
mg/dL
Total serum iron (TSI)
male
65, 76
176, 198
g/dL
11.6 , 13.6
30, 32, 35
mol/L
female
26, 50
170
g/dL
4.6 , 8.9
30.4
mol/L
newborns
100
250
g/dL
18
45
mol/L
children
50
120
g/dL
9
21
mol/L
Total iron-binding capacity (TIBC)
240, 262
450, 474
g/dL
43 , 47
81 , 85
mol/L
Transferrin
190, 194, 204
326, 330, 360
mg/dL
25
45
mol/L
Transferrin saturation
20
50
%
Ferritin
Male
12
300
ng/mL
27
670
pmol/L
Female
12
150
ng/mL
27
330
pmol/L
Ammonia
10, 20
35, 65
mol/L
17 , 34
60 , 110
g/dL
Copper
70
150
g/dL
11
24
mol/L
Ceruloplasmin
15
60
mg/dL
1
4
mol/L
Lactate (Venous)
4.5
19.8
mg/dL
0.5
2.2
mmol/L
Lactate (Arterial)
4.5
14.4
mg/dL
0.5
1.6
mmol/L
Pyruvate
300
900
g/dL
34
102
mol/L
Acid-base and blood gases
Further information: Acid-base homeostasis
Further information: Arterial blood gas
If arterial/venous is not specified for a acid-base or blood gas value, then it generally refers to arterial, and not venous which otherwise is standard.
Acid-base and blood gases are among the few blood constituents that exhibit substantial difference between arterial and venous values. Still, pH, bicarbonate and base excess show a high level of inter-method reliability between arterial and venous tests, so arterial and venous values are roughly equivalent for these.
Test
Arterial/Venous
Lower limit
Upper limit
Unit
Comments
pH
Arterial
7.34, 7.35
7.44, 7.45
Venous
7.31
7.41
[H+]
Arterial
36
44
nmol/L
3.6
4.4
ng/dL
Base excess
Arterial & venous
-3
+3
mEq/L
oxygen pressure (pO2)
Arterial
10 , 11
13 , 14
kPa
75, 83
100, 105
mmHg or torr
Venous
4.0
5.3
kPa
30
40
mmHg or torr
Oxygen saturation
Arterial
94, 95, 96
100
%
Venous
Approximately 75
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Arterial
4.4, 4.7
5.9 , 6.0
kPa
Designated pCO2
33, 35
44, 45
mmHg or torr
23
30
mmol/L
100
132
mg/dL
Venous
5.5
6.8
kPa
41
51
mmHg or torr
Bicarbonate (HCO3, )
Arterial & venous
18
23
mmol/L
110
140
mg/dL
Standard bicarbonate (SBCe)
Arterial & venous
21-22
27-28
mmol/L or mEq/L
134
170
mg/dL
Liver function
Further information: Liver function tests
Test
Patient type
Lower limit
Upper limit
Unit
Comments
Total Protein
60, 63
78, 82, 84
g/L
see hypoproteinemia
Albumin
35
48, 55
g/L
see hypoalbuminemia
3.5
4.8, 5.5
U/L
540
740
mol/L
Globulins
23
35
g/L
Total Bilirubin
1.7, 2, 3.4, 5
17, 22, 25
mol/L
0.1, 0.2, 0.29
1.0, 1.3, 1.4
mg/dL
Direct/Conjugated Bilirubin
0.0 or N/A
5 , 7
mol/L
0
0.3, 0.4
mg/dL
Alanine transaminase (ALT/ALAT)
1, 5, 7, 8
20, 21, 56
U/L
Also called serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT)
Female
0.15
0.75
kat/L
Male
0.15
1.1
Aspartate transaminase (AST/ASAT)
Female
6
34
IU/L
Also called
serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT)
0.25
0.60
kat/L
Male
8
40
IU/L
0.25
0.75
kat/L
Alkaline phosphatase (ALP)
Female
42
98
U/L
Male
53
128
(Enzyme activity)
0.6
1.8
kat/L
Gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT)
5 , 8
40, 78
U/L
Cardiac tests
Test
Lower limit
Upper limit
Unit
Comments
Creatine kinase (CK) - male
24, 38, 60
174 , 320
U/L
or ng/mL
Creatine kinase (CK) - female
24, 38, 96
140 , 200
CK-MB
0
3, 3.8, 5
ng/mL or g/L
Troponin Values 12 hrs after onset of pain:
Test
Lower limit
Upper limit
Unit
Comments
Troponin-T
0.02
ng/mL or g/L
Upper limit of normal
Troponin-I
0.2
ng/mL or g/L
Upper limit of normal
Troponin-T
0.02
0.10
ng/mL or g/L
Acute Coronary Syndrome
Troponin-I
0.2
1.00
ng/mL or g/L
Acute Coronary Syndrome
Troponin-T
0.10
n/a
ng/mL or g/L
Myocardial Infarction likely
Troponin-I
1.00
n/a
ng/mL or g/L
Myocardial Infarction likely
Other enzymes and proteins
Test
Lower limit
Upper limit
Unit
Comments
Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)
50
150
U/L
0.4
1.7
mol/L
LDH (enzyme activity)
1.8
3.4
kat/L
< 70 years old
Amylase
25, 30, 53
110, 120, 123, 125, 190
U/L
0.15
1.1
kat/L
C-reactive protein (CRP)
n/a
5, 6
mg/L
200 , 240
nmol/L
D-dimer
n/a
500
ng/mL
Higher in pregnant women
0.5
mg/L
Lipase
7, 10, 23
60, 150, 208
U/L
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)
23
57
U/L
Acid phosphatase
3.0
ng/mL
Eosinophil cationic protein (ECP)
2.3
16
g/L
Other ions and trace metals
Further information: Trace metals
Test
Lower limit
Upper limit
Unit
Ionized calcium (Ca)
1.03 , 1.10
1.23 , 1.30
mmol/L
4.1 , 4.4
4.9 , 5.2
mg/dL
Total calcium (Ca)
2.1 , 2.2
2.5, 2.6, 2.8
mmol/L
8.4, 8.5
10.2, 10.5
mg/dL
Phosphate (HPO42)
0.8
1.5
mmol/L
Inorganic phosphorus (serum)
1.0
1.5
mmol/L
3.0
4.5
mg/dL
Copper (Cu)
11
24
mol/L
Zinc (Zn)
60 , 72
110 , 130
g/dL
9.2 , 11
17 , 20
mol/L
Magnesium
1.5 , 1.7
2.0 , 2.3
mEq/L or mg/dL
0.6 , 0.7
0.82 , 0.95
mmol/L
Selenium (optimal range)
120
g/L
Lipids
Further information: Blood lipids
Test
Patient type
Lower limit
Upper limit
Unit
Therapeutic target
Triglycerides
10 39 years
54
110
mg/dL
< 100mg/dL
or 1.1 mmol/L
0.61
1.2
mmol/L
40 59 years
70
150
mg/dL
0.77
1.7
mmol/L
> 60 years
80
150
mg/dL
0.9
1.7
mmol/L
Total cholesterol
3.0 , 3.6
5.0, 6.5
mmol/L
< 3.9
120, 140
200, 250
mg/dL
< 150
HDL cholesterol
female
1.0, 1.2, 1.3
2.2
mmol/L
> 1.0mmol/L
> 40 or 60 mg/dL
40 , 50
86
mg/dL
HDL cholesterol
male
0.9
2.0
mmol/L
35
80
mg/dL
LDL cholesterol
(Not valid when
triglycerides >5.0mmol/L)
2.0, 2.4
3.0 , 3.4
mmol/L
< 2.5
80 , 94
120 , 130
mg/dL
< 100
LDL/HDL quotient
n/a
5
(unitless)
Tumour markers
Further information: Tumour markers
Test
Lower limit
Upper limit
Unit
Comments
Alpha fetoprotein (AFP)
0
44
ng/mL
Beta Human chorionic gonadotrophin (bHCG)
n/a
5
IU/l or mU/ml
in male and non-pregnant female
CA19-9
n/a
40
U/ml
CA-125
n/a
30 , 35
kU/L or U/mL
Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)
non-smokers at 50 years
n/a
3.4 , 3.6
g/l
Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)
non-smokers at 70 years
n/a
4.1
g/l
Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) - smokers
n/a
5
g/l
Prostate specific antigen (PSA)
n/a
2.5 , 4
g/L or ng/mL
below age 45 <2,5 g/L
PAP
0
3
units/dL (Bodansky units)
Thyroid hormones
Further information: Thyroid hormone
Test
Patient type
Lower limit
Upper limit
Unit
Thyroid stimulating hormone
(TSH or thyrotropin)
Adults -
standard range
0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6
4.0, 4.5, 6.0
mIU/L or IU/mL
Adults -
optimal range
0.3 , 0.5
2.0 , 3.0
mIU/L or IU/mL
Infants
1.3
19
mIU/L or IU/mL
Free thyroxine (FT4)
Normal adult
0.7 ,0.8
1.4, 1.5
ng/dL 9, 10, 12
18 , 23
pmol/L
Infant 0-3 d
2.0
5.0
ng/dL
26
65
pmol/L
Infant 3-30 d
0.9
2.2
ng/dL
12
30
pmol/L
Child/Adolescent
31 d - 18 y
0.8
2.0
ng/dL
10
26
pmol/L
Pregnant
0.5
1.0
ng/dL
6.5
13
pmol/L
Total thyroxine
60
140, 160
nmol/L
4, 5.5
11, 12.3
g/dL
Free triiodothyronine (FT3)
Normal adult
0.2
0.5
ng/dL
3.1
7.7
pmol/L
Children 2-16 y
0.1
0.6
ng/dL
1.5
9.2
pmol/L
Total triiodothyronine
0.9 , 1.1
2.5 , 2.7
nmol/L
60, 75
175, 181
ng/dL
Thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG)
12
30
mg/L
Thyroglobulin (Tg)
1.5
30
pmol/L
1
20
g/L
Sex hormones
Further information: Sex steroid
Test
Patient type
Lower limit
Upper limit
Unit
Testosterone
Male, overall
8 , 10
27 , 35
nmol/L
230 , 300
780 - 1000
ng/dL
Male < 50 years
10
45
nmol/L
290
1300
ng/dL
Male > 50 years
6.2
26
nmol/L
180
740
ng/dL
Female
0.7
2.8 - 3.0
nmol/L
20
80 - 85
ng/dL
17 Hydroxyprogesterone
male
0.06
3.0
mg/L
Female (Follicular phase)
0.2
1.0
mg/L
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
Prepubertal
<1
3
IU/L
Adult male
1
8
Adult female (follicular
and luteal phase)
1
11
Adult female (Ovulation)
6
95% PI (standard)
26
95% PI)
5
90% PI (used in diagram)
15
(90% PI)
Post-menopausal female
30
118
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
Female, peak
20
90% PI (used in diagram)
75
(90% PI)
IU/L
Female, post-menopausal
15
60
Estradiol (an estrogen)
Adult male
50
200
pmol/L
1.4
5.5
ng/dL
Adult female (follicular phase, day 5)
70
95% PI (standard)
500
95% PI
pmol/L
110
90% PI (used in diagram)
220
90% PI
1.9 (95% PI)
14 (95% PI)
ng/dL
3.0 (90% PI)
6.0 (90% PI)
Adult female (preovulatory peak)
400
1500
pmol/L
11
41
ng/dL
Adult female (luteal phase)
70
600
pmol/L
1.9
16
ng/dL
Post-menopausal female
N/A
< 130
pmol/L
N/A
< 3.5
ng/dL
Progesterone
Female at day of ovulation
2.2 (90% PI)
9 (90% PI)
nmol/L
70 (90% PI)
280 (90% PI)
ng/dL
Androstenedione
Adult male and female
60
270
ng/dL
Post-menopausal female
< 180
Prepubertal
< 60
Other hormones
Further information: Hormones
Test
Patient type
Lower limit
Upper limit
Unit
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
4.4
18 ,22
pmol/L
20
80 , 100
pg/mL
Cortisol
09:00 am
140
700
nmol/L
5
25
g/dL
Midnight
80
350
nmol/L
2.9
13
g/dL
Growth hormone (fasting)
0
5
ng/mL
Growth hormone (arginine stimulation)
7
n/a
ng/mL
Prolactin
Female
n/a
20
ng/mL or g/L
Male
15
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
10 , 17
65 , 70
pg/mL
1.1 , 1.8
6.9 , 7.5
pmol/L
25-hydroxycholecalciferol (a vitamin D)
-Standard reference range
8 , 9
40 , 80
ng/mL
20 , 23
95 , 150
nmol/L
25-hydroxycholecalciferol
-Therapeutic target range
30 , 40
65 , 100
ng/mL
85 , 100
120 , 160
nmol/L
Amino acids
Test
Sex
Age
Lower limit
Upper limit
Unit
Elevated
Therapeutic target
Homocysteine
Female
1219 years
3.3
7.2
mol/L
> 10.4 mol/L
or
> 140 g/dl
< 6.3 mol/L
or
< 85 g/dL
45
100
g/dL
>60 years
4.9
11.6
mol/L
66
160
g/dL
Male
1219 years
4.3
9.9
mol/L
> 11.4 mol/L
or
> 150 g/dL
60
130
g/dL
>60 years
5.9
15.3
mol/L
80
210
g/dL
Vitamins
Test
Patient type
Standard range
Unit
Optimal range
Lower limit
Upper limit
Lower limit
Upper limit
Vitamin A
30
65
g/dL
Vitamin B9
(Folic acid/Folate) - Serum
Age > 1year
3.0
16
ng/mL or g/L
5
6.8
36
nmol/l
11
Vitamin B9
(Folic acid/Folate) - Red blood cells
200
600
ng/mL or g/L
450
1400
nmol/L
Pregnant
ng/mL or g/L
400
nmol/L
900
Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin)
130 , 160
700 , 950
ng/L
100 , 120
520 , 700
pmol/L
Vitamin C (Ascorbic acid)
0.4
1.5
mg/dL
0.9
23
85
mol/L
50
25-hydroxycholecalciferol (a vitamin D)
8 , 9
40 , 80
ng/mL
30 , 40
65 , 100
20 , 23
95 , 150
nmol/L
85 , 100
120 , 160
Vitamin E
mol/L
28
mg/dL
1.2
Toxins
Test
Limit type
Limit
Unit
Lead
Optimal health range
< 20 or 40
g/dL
Ethanol
Limit for drunk driving
0, 0.2, 0.8
or g/L
17.4
mmol/L
Hematology
Hematology is the branch of biology (physiology), pathology, clinical laboratory, internal medicine, and pediatrics that is concerned with the study of blood, the blood-forming organs, and blood diseases.
Red blood cells
These values (except Hemoglobin in plasma) are for total blood and not only blood plasma.
Test
Patient
Lower limit
Upper limit
Unit
Comments
Haemoglobin (Hb)
male
2.0 , 2.1
2.5 , 2.7
mmol/L
Higher in neonates, lower in children.
130, 132, 135
162, 170, 175
g/L
female
1.8 , 1.9
2.3 , 2.5
mmol/L
Sex difference negligible until adulthood.
120
150, 152, 160
g/L
Hemoglobin in plasma
0.16
0.62
mol/L
Normally diminutive compared with inside red blood cells
1
4
mg/dL
Glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c)
< 50 years
3.6
5.0
% of Hb
> 50 years
3.9
5.3
Haptoglobin
< 50 years
0.35
1.9
g/L
> 50 years
0.47
2.1
Haematocrit (Hct)
male
0.39, 0.4, 0.41, 0.45
0.50, 0.52,0.53 , 0.62
female
0.35, 0.36,0.37
0.46, 0.48
Child
0.31
0.43
Mean cell volume (MCV)
Male
76, 82
100, 102
fL
Cells are larger in neonates, though smaller in other children.
Female
78
101
fL
Red blood cell distribution width (RDW)
11.5
14.5
%
Mean cell haemoglobin (MCH)
0.39
0.54
fmol/cell
25, 27
32, 33, 35
pg/cell
Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC)
31, 32
35, 36
g/dL
4.8 , 5.0
5.4 , 5.6
mmol/L
Erythrocytes/Red blood cells (RBC)
male
4.2, 4.3
5.7, 5.9, 6.2, 6.9
x1012/L
Female
3.5, 3.8, 3.9
5.1, 5.5
x1012/L
Infant/Child
3.8
5.5
x1012/L
Reticulocytes
26
130
x109/L
Adult
0.5
1.5
% of RBC
Newborn
1.1
4.5
% of RBC
Infant
0.5
3.1
% of RBC
White blood cells
These values are for total blood and not only blood plasma.
Test
Patient type
Lower limit
Upper limit
Unit
White Blood Cell Count (WBC.)
Adult
3.5, 3.9, 4.1, 4.5
9.0, 10.0, 10.9, 11
x109/L
x103/mm3 or
x103/L
Newborn
9
30
1 year old
6
18
Neutrophil granulocytes
(A.K.A. grans, polys, PMNs, or segs)
Adult
1.3, 1.8, 2
5.4, 7, 8
x109/L
45-54
62, 74
% of WBC
Newborn
6
26
x109/L
Neutrophilic band forms
Adult
0.7
x109/L
3
5
% of WBC
Lymphocytes
Adult
0.7 , 1.0
3.5, 3.9, 4.8
x109/L
16-25
33, 45
% of WBC
Newborn
2
11
x109/L
Monocytes
Adult
0.1, 0.2
0.8
x109/L
3, 4.0
7, 10
% of WBC
Newborn
0.4
3.1
x109/L
Mononuclear leukocytes
(Lymphocytes + monocytes)
Adult
1.5
5
x109/L
20
35
% of WBC
CD4+ cells
Adult
0.4 , 0.5
1.5 , 1.8
x109/L
Eosinophil granulocytes
Adult
0.0, 0.04
0.44, 0.45, 0.5
x109/L
1
3, 7
% of WBC
Newborn
0.02
0.85
x109/L
Basophil granulocytes
Adult
40
100, 200, 900
x106/L
0.0
0.75, 2
% of WBC
Newborn
0.64
x109/L
Coagulation
Test
Lower limit
Upper limit
Unit
Comments
Platelet/Erythrocyte count (Plt)
140, 150
350, 400, 450
x109/L
Prothrombin time (PT)
10, 11, 12
13, 13.5, 14, 15
s
PT reference varies between laboratory kits - INR is standardised
INR
0.9
1.2
The INR is a corrected ratio of a patients PT to normal
Activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT)
18 , 30
28, 42, 45
s
Thrombin clotting time (TCT)
11
18
s
Fibrinogen
1.7, 2.0
3.6 , 4.2
g/L
Antithrombin
0.80
1.2
kIU/L
Bleeding time
2
9
minutes
Viscosity
1.5
1.72
cP
Immunology
Category
Test
Patient
Lower limit
Upper limit
Unit
Comments
Acute phase protein
markers of Inflammation
Erythrocytesedimentationrate
(ESR)
Male
0
Age2
mm/hr
ESR increases with age and tends to be higher in females.
Female
(Age+10)2
C-reactive protein (CRP)
n/a
5, 6
mg/L
200 , 240
nmol/L
Alpha 1-antitrypsin (AAT)
20 , 22
38 , 53
mol/L
89 , 97
170 , 230
mg/dL
Immunoglobulins
IgA
Adult
70 , 110
360 , 560
mg/dL
IgD
0.5
3.0
IgE
0.01
0.04
IgG
800
1800
IgM
54
220
Autoantibodies
Antinuclear antibodies (ANA)
Extractable nuclear antigen (ENA)
Rheumatoid factor (RF)
0
20-30
IU/mL
High levels not specific for Rheumatoid Arthritis alone.
Serology
Antistreptolysin O titre
(ASOT)
Preschoolers
n/a
100
units/mL
School age
250
Adult
125
See also
Blood test
Cardiology diagnostic tests and procedures
Comprehensive metabolic panel
Medical technologist
Reference range
References
^ Page 34: Units of measurement in Medical toxicology By Richard C. Dart Edition: 3, illustrated Published by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2004 ISBN 0781728452, 9780781728454 1914 pages
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz da db dc dd de df dg dh di dj dk dl dm dn do dp dq dr ds dt du dv dw dx dy Reference range list from Uppsala University Hospital ("Laborationslista"). Artnr 40284 Sj74a. Issued on April 22, 2008
^ a b c Arterial versus venous reference ranges - Brief Article Medical Laboratory Observer, April, 2000 by D. Robert Dufour
^ PROOPIOMELANOCORTIN; NCBI --> POMC Retrieved on September 28, 2009
^ a b c Unless else specified in boxes, then ref is: Ashwood, Edward R.; Tietz, Norbert W.; Burtis, Carl A. (1994). Tietz textbook of clinical chemistry (2nd ed.). Philadelphia: Saunders. ISBN 0-7216-4472-4.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz da db dc dd Last page of Deepak A. Rao; Le, Tao; Bhushan, Vikas (2007). First Aid for the USMLE Step 1 2008 (First Aid for the Usmle Step 1). McGraw-Hill Medical. ISBN 0-07-149868-0.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz da db dc Normal Reference Range Table from The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas. Used in Interactive Case Study Companion to Pathologic basis of disease.
^ a b c d Derived from molar values using molar mass of 22.99mol1
^ a b Derived from molar values using molar mass of 39.10mol1
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n MERCK MANUALS > Common Medical Tests > Blood Tests Last full review/revision February 2003
^ a b Derived from molar values using molar mass of 35.45mol1
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by Blood Test Results - Normal Ranges Bloodbook.Com
^ a b Gardner MD, Scott R (April 1980). "Age- and sex-related reference ranges for eight plasma constituents derived from randomly selected adults in a Scottish new town". J. Clin. Pathol. 33 (4): 3805. doi:10.1136/jcp.33.4.380. PMID 7400337. PMC 1146084. http://jcp.bmj.com/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=7400337.
^ a b c d Finney H, Newman DJ, Price CP (January 2000). "Adult reference ranges for serum cystatin C, creatinine and predicted creatinine clearance". Ann. Clin. Biochem. 37 ( Pt 1): 4959. doi:10.1258/0004563001901524. PMID 10672373. http://acb.rsmjournals.com/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=10672373.
^ a b c d e f g h Derived from molar values by multiplying with the molar mass of 113.118 g/mol, and divided by 10.000 to adapt from g/L to mg/dL
^ a b MedlinePlus Encyclopedia Glucose tolerance test
^ a b c Derived from molar values using molar mass of 180g/mol
^ a b c d e f g h i j k Slon S (2006-09-22). "Serum Iron". University of Illinois Medical Center. http://uimc.discoveryhospital.com/main.php?t=enc&id=1456. Retrieved 2006-07-06.
^ a b c d Diagnostic Chemicals Limited > Serum Iron-SL Assay July 15, 2005
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Derived from mass values using molar mass of 55.85mol1
^ a b Table 1. Page 133. Clinical Chemistry 45, No. 1, 1999 (stating 1.93.3 g/L)
^ a b Derived by dividing mass values with molar mass
^ a b c d Ferritin by: Mark Levin, MD, Hematologist and Oncologist, Newark, NJ. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network
^ a b c d Derived from mass values using molar mass of 450,000mol1
^ a b Mitchell ML, Filippone MD, Wozniak TF (August 2001). "Metastatic carcinomatous cirrhosis and hepatic hemosiderosis in a patient heterozygous for the H63D genotype". Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med. 125 (8): 10847. PMID 11473464. http://journals.allenpress.com/jrnlserv/?request=get-abstract&issn=0003-9985&volume=125&page=1084.
^ a b Diaz J, Tornel PL, Martinez P (July 1995). "Reference intervals for blood ammonia in healthy subjects, determined by microdiffusion". Clin. Chem. 41 (7): 1048. PMID 7600690.
^ a b c d Derived from molar values using molar mass of 17.03 g/mol
^ a b Derived from mass values using molar mass of 63.55mol1
^ a b Derived from mass using molar mass of 151kDa
^ a b c d Derived from mass values using molar mass of 90.08 g/mol
^ a b Derived from mass values using molar mass of 88.06 g/mol
^ Middleton P, Kelly AM, Brown J, Robertson M (August 2006). "Agreement between arterial and central venous values for pH, bicarbonate, base excess, and lactate". Emerg Med J 23 (8): 6224. doi:10.1136/emj.2006.035915. PMID 16858095.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l The Medical Education Division of the Brookside Associates--> ABG (Arterial Blood Gas) Retrieved on Dec 6, 2009
^ a b Derived from molar values using molar mass of 1.01mol1
^ a b c d e f g h Derived from mmHg values using 0.133322 kPa/mmHg
^ a b Derived from molar values using molar mass of 44.010 g/mol
^ a b c d Derived from molar values using molar mass of 61 g/mol
^ Reference range (albumin) at GPnotebook
^ a b Derived from mass using molecular weight of 65kD
^ a b c d e Derived from mass values using molar mass of 585g/mol
^ a b Derived from molar values using molar mass of 585g/mol
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Fachwrterbuch Kompakt Medizin E-D/D-E. Author: Fritz-Jrgen Nhring. Edition 2. Publisher:Elsevier, Urban&FischerVerlag, 2004. ISBN 3437151207, 9783437151200. Length: 1288 pages
^ a b c d GPnotebook > reference range (AST) Retrieved on Dec 7, 2009
^ a b Creatine kinase at GPnotebook
^ a b c d e f g h i j South London Healthcare NHS Trust
^ Reference range (amylase) at GPnotebook
^ a b C-reactive protein at GPnotebook
^ a b 2730 Serum C-Reactive Protein values in Diabetics with Periodontal Disease A.R. Choudhury, and S. Rahman, Birdem, Diabetic Association of Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh. (the diabetics were not used to determine the reference ranges)
^ a b c d Derived from mass using molar mass of 25,106 g/mol
^ Plasma Measurement of D-Dimer Levels for the Early Diagnosis of Ischemic Stroke Subtypes Walter Ageno, MD; Sergio Finazzi, MD; Luigi Steidl, MD; Maria Grazia Biotti, MD; Valentina Mera, MD; GianVico Melzi d'Eril, MD; Achille Venco, MD. Arch Intern Med. 2002;162:2589-2593.
^ Kline JA, Williams GW, Hernandez-Nino J (May 2005). "D-dimer concentrations in normal pregnancy: new diagnostic thresholds are needed". Clinical chemistry 51 (5): 8259. doi:10.1373/clinchem.2004.044883. PMID 15764641. http://www.clinchem.org/cgi/content/full/51/5/825.
^ a b Larsson L, Ohman S (November 1978). "Serum ionized calcium and corrected total calcium in borderline hyperparathyroidism". Clin. Chem. 24 (11): 19625. PMID 709830. http://www.clinchem.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=709830.
^ a b c d Derived from molar values using molar mass of 40.08 mol1
^ a b c Derived from mass values using molar mass of 40.08 mol1
^ Walter F., PhD. Boron (2005). Medical Physiology: A Cellular And Molecular Approaoch. Elsevier/Saunders. ISBN 1-4160-2328-3. Page 849
^ Reference range for copper at GPnotebook
^ a b http://www.dlolab.com/PDFs/DLO-OCTOBER-2008-LAB-UPDATE.pdf
^ a b Derived from molar values using molar mass of 65.38 g/mol
^ a b Derived from mass values using molar mass of 65.38 g/mol
^ a b Derived from molar values using molar mass of 24.31/mol
^ a b Derived from mass values using molar mass of 24.31/mol
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Adeva Nutritionals Canada > Optimal blood test values Retrieved on July 9, 2009
^ a b c d e f Derived from values in mg/dl to mmol/l, by dividing by 89, according to faqs.org: What are mg/dl and mmol/l? How to convert? Glucose? Cholesterol? Last Update July 21, 2009. Retrieved on July 21, 2009
^ a b c Derived from values in mg/dl to mmol/l, by dividing by 39, according to faqs.org: What are mg/dl and mmol/l? How to convert? Glucose? Cholesterol? Last Update July 21, 2009. Retrieved on July 21, 2009
^ a b c Reference range (cholesterol) at GPnotebook
^ a b c d e f g h Royal College of Pathologists of Australasia; Cholesterol (HDL and LDL) - plasma or serum Last Updated: Monday, 6 August 2007
^ What Your Cholesterol Levels Mean. American Heart Association. Retrieved on September 12, 2009
^ a b c d e f g h i Derived from values in mmol/l (to mg/dl), by multiplying by 39, according to faqs.org: What are mg/dl and mmol/l? How to convert? Glucose? Cholesterol? Last Update July 21, 2009. Retrieved on July 21, 2009
^ American Association for Clinical Chemistry; HDL Cholesterol
^ GP Notebook > range (reference, ca-125) Retrieved on Jan 5, 2009
^ ClinLab Navigator > Test Interpretations > CA-125 Retrieved on Jan 5, 2009
^ a b Bjerner J, Hgetveit A, Wold Akselberg K, et al. (June 2008). "Reference intervals for carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), CA125, MUC1, Alfa-foeto-protein (AFP), neuron-specific enolase (NSE) and CA19.9 from the NORIP study". Scandinavian journal of clinical and laboratory investigation 68: 112. doi:10.1080/00365510802126836. PMID 18609108.
^ Carcinoembryonic Antigen(CEA) at MedicineNet
^ The TSH Reference Range Wars: What's "Normal?", Who is Wrong, Who is Right... By Mary Shomon, About.com. Updated: June 19, 2006. About.com Health's Disease and Condition
^ a b 2006 Press releases: Thyroid Imbalance? Target Your Numbers Contacts: Bryan Campbell American] Association of Clinical Endocrinologists
^ a b The TSH Reference Range Wars: What's "Normal?", Who is Wrong, Who is Right... By Mary Shomon, About.com. Updated: June 19, 2006
^ a b Demers, Laurence M.; Carole A. Spencer (2002). "LMPG: Laboratory Support for the Diagnosis and Monitoring of Thyroid Disease". National Academy of Clinical Biochemistry (USA). http://www.nacb.org/lmpg/thyroid_LMPG_PDF.stm. Retrieved 2007-04-13. - see Section 2. Pre-analytic factors
^ a b c d e f g h i j Free T4; Thyroxine, Free; T4, Free UNC Health Care System
^ a b c d e f g h i j Derived from mass values using molar mass of 776.87 g/mol
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Table 4: Typical reference ranges for serum assays - Thyroid Disease Manager
^ a b c d Euthyroid Patient with Elevated Serum Free Thyroxine George van der Watt1,a, David Haarburger1 and Peter Berman
^ a b c d Derived from mass values using molar mass of 650.98 g/mol
^ a b Serum concentration of free T3, free T4 and TSH in healthy children Cioffi Michele; Gazzerro Patrizia; Vietri Maria Teresa; Magnetta Rosa; Durante Adriana; D'Auria Annamaria; Puca Giovanni Alfredo; Molinari Anna Maria;
^ a b Andrology Australia: Your Health > Low Testosterone > Diagnosis
^ a b c d Derived from mass values using molar mass of 288.42g/mol
^ a b c d e f g Derived from molar values using molar mass of 288.42g/mol
^ a b c d MedlinePlus > Testosterone Update Date: 3/18/2008. Updated by: Elizabeth H. Holt, MD, PhD, Yale University. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director
^ a b c d e f g h i j reference range (FSH) GPnotebook. Retrieved on September 27, 2009
^ a b c d e f g h Values taken from day 1 after LH surge in: Establishment of detailed reference values for luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, estradiol, and progesterone during different phases of the menstrual cycle on the Abbott ARCHITECT analyzer. Reto Stricker, Raphael Eberhart, Marie-Christine Chevailler, Frank A. Quinn, Paul Bischof and Rene Stricker. Clin Chem Lab Med 2006;44(7):883887 PMID: 16776638
^ a b c d e f New York Hospital Queens > Services and Facilities > Patient Testing > Pathology > New York Hospital Queens Diagnostic Laboratories > Test Directory > Reference Ranges Retrieved on Nov 8, 2009
^ a b c d e f g h i j GPNotebook - reference range (oestradiol) Retrieved on September 27, 2009
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Derived from molar values using molar mass of 272.38g/mol
^ a b Derived from molar values using molar mass of 314.46 g/mol
^ a b Derived from mass values using molar mass of 4540g/mol according to PROOPIOMELANOCORTIN; NCBI --> POMC Retrieved on September 28, 2009
^ "Adrenocorticotropic Hormone:Normal". WebMD. 09-03-2006. http://children.webmd.com/adrenocorticotropic-hormone?page=2. Retrieved 2008-11-09.
^ Derived from molar values using molar mass of 4540g/mol according to PROOPIOMELANOCORTIN; NCBI --> POMC Retrieved on September 28, 2009
^ a b c d Biochemistry Reference Ranges at Good Hope Hospital Retrieved on Nov 8, 2009
^ a b c d Derived from molar values using molar mass of 362 g/mol
^ a b Derived from molar values using molar mass of 9.4 kDa
^ a b Table 2 in: Aloia JF, Feuerman M, Yeh JK (2006). "Reference range for serum parathyroid hormone". Endocr Pract 12 (2): 13744. PMID 16690460.
^ a b Derived from mass values using molar mass of 9.4 kDa
^ a b c d e f Derived from molar values using molar mass 400.6 g/mol
^ a b c d Bender, David A. (2003). "Vitamin D". Nutritional biochemistry of the vitamins. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-80388-8. http://books.google.com.br/books?id=pxEJNs0IUo4C. Retrieved December 10, 2008 through Google Book Search.
^ a b c d Bischoff-Ferrari, H.A., Dietrich, T., Orav, J.E., Hu, F.B., Zhang, Y., Karlson, E., Dawson-Hughes, B. 2004. Higher 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels are associated with better lower extremity function in both active and inactive adults 60+ years of age. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 80:752-758.
^ a b c d Reusch J, Ackermann H, Badenhoop K (May 2009). "Cyclic changes of vitamin D and PTH are primarily regulated by solar radiation: 5-year analysis of a German (50 degrees N) population". Horm. Metab. Res. 41 (5): 4027. doi:10.1055/s-0028-1128131. PMID 19241329.
^ a b c d e f g h Letter: Calcium and vitamin D in preventing fractures. Data are not sufficient to show inefficacy Alex Vasquez, researcher. BMJ 2005;331:108-109 (9 July), doi:10.1136/bmj.331.7508.108-b.
^ a b c d e f g h The Doctor's Doctor: Homocysteine
^ a b c d e f g h Derived from molar values using molar massof 135 g/mol
^ a b c d e f Central Manchester University Hospitals --> Reference ranges Retrieved on July 9, 2009
^ University of Kentucky Chandler Medical Center > Clinical Lab Reference Range Guide Retrieved on April 28, 2009
^ a b c d e Derived from mass values using molar mass of 441 mol1
^ a b c d e f g GPnotebook > B12 Retrieved on April 28, 2009
^ a b Derived form molar values using molar mass of 1355g/mol
^ a b Derived from mass values using molar mass of 1355g/mol
^ a b Derived from mass values using molar mass of 176 grams per mol
^ a b c For Driving under the influence by country, see Drunk driving law by country
^ Derived from mass values using molar mass of 46g/mol
^ a b c d e Derived from mass values using 64,500 g/mol, according to Van Beekvelt MC, Colier WN, Wevers RA, Van Engelen BG (2001). "Performance of near-infrared spectroscopy in measuring local O2 consumption and blood flow in skeletal muscle". J Appl Physiol 90 (2): 511519. PMID 11160049.
^ a b c d Derived from mass concentration, using molar mass of 64,458 g/mol (Van Beekvelt MC, Colier WN, Wevers RA, Van Engelen BG (2001). "Performance of near-infrared spectroscopy in measuring local O2 consumption and blood flow in skeletal muscle". J Appl Physiol 90 (2): 511519. PMID 11160049.). 1 g/dL = 0.1551mmol/L
^ a b c d e f g h lymphomation.org > Tests & Imaging > Labs > Complete Blood Count Retrieved on May 14, 2009
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u Clinical Laboratory Medicine. By Kenneth D. McClatchey. Page 807.
^ Determination of monocyte count by hematological analyzers, manual method and flow cytometry in polish population Central European Journal of Immunology 1-2/2006. (Centr Eur J Immunol 2006; 31 (1-2): 1-5) authors: Elbieta Grska, Urszula Demkow, Roman Pikowski, Barbara Jakubczak, Dorota Matuszewicz, Jolanta Gawda, Wioletta Rzeszotarska, Maria Wsik,
^ a b MedlinePlus Encyclopedia 003652
^ a b Retrieved on November 20, 2009
^ a b Miller A, Green M, Robinson D (1983). "Simple rule for calculating normal erythrocyte sedimentation rate". Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 286 (6361): 266. doi:10.1136/bmj.286.6361.266. PMID 6402065.
^ Bttiger LE, Svedberg CA (1967). "Normal erythrocyte sedimentation rate and age". Br Med J 2 (5544): 857. doi:10.1136/bmj.2.5544.85. PMID 6020854.
^ a b Sipahi T, Kara C, Tavil B, Inci A, Oksal A (March 2003). "Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency: an overlooked cause of late hemorrhagic disease of the newborn". J. Pediatr. Hematol. Oncol. 25 (3): 2745. doi:10.1097/00043426-200303000-00019. PMID 12621252. http://www.jpho-online.com/pt/re/jpho/fulltext.00043426-200303000-00019.htm.
^ a b Derived from mass values using molar mass of 44324.5 g/mol
^ a b Derived from molar values using molar mass of 44324.5 g/mol
^ a b c d e f g h i j The Society for American Clinical Laboratory Science > Chemistry Tests > Immunoglobulins Retrieved on Nov 26, 2009
External links
biochemical reference values at GPnotebook
Values at lymphomation.org
Descriptions at amarillomed.com
vde
Medical test: Serology, reference range: blood tests
Clinical biochemistry
Metabolic panel
BMP: electrolytes (Na+/K+, Cl-/HCO3-) renal function, BUN-to-creatinine ratio (BUN/Creatinine) Glucose Ca
CMP: BMP + protein tests (Human serum albumin, Serum total protein) liver function tests (ALP, ALT, AST, Bilirubin)
derived values: Plasma osmolality Serum osmolal gap
Acid-base homeostasis
Arterial blood gas Base excess Anion gap CO2 content
Iron tests
Transferrin saturation = Serum iron / Total iron-binding capacity
Ferritin Transferrin Transferrin receptor
Blood sugar
Glucose test Glucose tolerance test Noninvasive glucose C-peptide Fructosamine Glycated hemoglobin
Endocrine
ACTH stimulation test Thyroid function tests
Cardiac marker
Troponin test CPK-MB test Glycogen phosphorylase isoenzyme BB
Other
Beutler test Blood lipids Tumor marker
Hematology/CBC
Clotting
Platelet count Mean platelet volume vWF: Ristocetin induced platelet agglutination
clotting factors: Prothrombin time Partial thromboplastin time Thrombin time
other/general coagulation: Bleeding time animal enzyme (Reptilase time, Ecarin clotting time, Dilute Russell's viper venom time) Thromboelastography
fibrinolysis: Euglobulin lysis time D-dimer
Red blood cell indices
Hematocrit Hemoglobin RBC count
ratios: Mean corpuscular hemoglobin Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration Mean corpuscular volume
Fetal hemoglobin: Apt-Downey test Kleihauer-Betke test Red blood cell distribution width
Reticulocyte index Haptoglobin
Other
Blood film Blood viscosity Absolute neutrophil count
Immunology
Infections
viral infection: HIV (HIV test, BDNA test) Epstein-Barr virus (Monospot test)
bacterial infection: syphilis (VDRL, Rapid plasma reagin, Wassermann test, FTA-ABS) rickettsia (Weil-Felix test) helicobacter (HelicoCARE direct) streptococcus (Antistreptolysin O titre)
protozoan infection: toxoplasmosis (Sabin-Feldman dye test)
Inflammation
C-reactive protein Erythrocyte sedimentation rate MELISA RAST test
see also reference ranges for blood tests
Categories: Blood tests
