Diabetes mellitus Insulin treatment

Author: thiruvelan

Once diagnosed as type-1 diabetes or even though type-2 diabetes but may doctor advised to take insulin shots for the effective treatment. Insulin a hormone needed for effective conversion of glucose into energy and keep as energetic and maintain blood glucose level.

Insulin is a hormone that has extensive effects on metabolism. Insulin helps and comments cells in the liver, muscle, and fat tissue to take up glucose from the blood and storing glucose as glycogen in the liver and muscles. It there is low or no insulin, body cells are not able to consume glucose, and the body begins to breakdown fat as energy source causing diabetic ketoacidosis.

Insulin is used medically to treat diabetes mellitus. Patients with type 1 diabetes depend on external insulin for their survival because the hormone is no longer produced by their pancreas. Some patients with type 2 diabetes may even require insulin if other oral medicines failed to control blood glucose levels.

Insulin types

Each Insulin type works at a different pace and most people have to use more than one kind to mimic their actual bodies system.

There are different types of insulin available based on the onset and duration time. They are Rapid-acting insulin, Short-acting insulin, Intermediate-acting insulin, Long-acting insulin and Very long-acting insulin.

Insulin Regimen

Depend upon individual body condition, life style, food habits and physical activity their insulin regimen is designed for efficient blood glucose control. Diabetes regimen begins with 2 insulin injections per day of two different types of insulin.

Insulin Storage and Handling

A good diabetes treatment starts with how properly the insulin is stored. Insulin does not work to its level when it's stored for too long or is exposed to extreme temperatures both high and very low.

Ways to take Insulin

Now a day’s there are more choices to take insulin that is Insulin injecting products, even the choices make us confusing to choose the best one.

Insulin therapy

Start your Insulin treatment by following procedure designed as per users experience and manufacturers suggestions for better diabetic care.

Other injectable medicine for diabetes type 1 & 2

Amylin mimetic or Pramlintide (brand Symlin) is a synthetic amylin hormone, secreted by pancreas along with insulin help to normalize blood glucose levels. It is used by both type 1 and type 2 diabetes for their effective diabetes treatments.

Byetta or Exenatide or Incretin mimetic is only for those with type 2 diabetes who take metformin, a sulfonylurea, or both. Enhance insulin secretion in the presence of high blood glucose.

Article Source: http://www.articlesbase.com/diseases-and-conditions-articles/diabetes-mellitus-insulin-treatment-1767057.html

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Diabetes and Insulin
Insulin therapy

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Diabetes The Silent Killer

Author: Steve Hudson

Diabetes is a serious illness brought about by a persons genetic disposition: his likelihood to develop a pancreatic disease. If your family is prone to the disease, read this article to detect the symptoms of diabetes as early as possible.

Type I Diabetes

Type I is known as insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM). It is less common in the US though is the most severe and usually develops within a few days or weeks. In IDDM, the lack of insulin stems from destruction of the beta cells. The symptoms associated with IDDM are so distinct that they rarely leave any doubt of the diagnosis. They are as follows:

Polyuria: Urinating frequently and in large amounts is a classic symptom of diabetes, as the body rushes fluids through the kidney to dilute the high levels of sugar in the urine.

Polydipsia: An unusual thirst is a natural result of too frequent urination: the body is signaling for lost fluids to be replaced. Dehydration will eventually occur if the condition is not caught early.

Polyphagia: This feeling of extreme hunger stems from the body's belief that it is starving because glucose is not reaching its cells to provide desperately needed energy.

Rapid Weight Loss: Most Type I patients are at or below their ideal weight. When IDDM begins, they may suddenly lose more weight as much as 15 pounds in a week even though they may be eating more than enough and have a good appetite. The lack of insulin means that calories, in the form of glucose, are being sent out through the urine and the body is beginning to burn fat reserves.

Weakness: Since muscle cells are not receiving their usual fuel, energy flags. Of course, fatigue can have many causes, which is why diabetes can go unrecognized for so long. Be concerned if a once active child seems tired, drowsy, or listless for no apparent reason. Some children may also complain of stomach, leg, or chest pains, or have difficulty breathing.

Irritability: In youngsters, crankiness, confusion or excessive crying may warn of impending illness. A child may seem to be inattentive or may not be doing as well in school as before.

Nausea and/or Vomiting: These symptoms may precede ketoacidosis, as poisonous ketone acids build up in the blood when the body must resort to burning fat deposits for energy.

Blurred Vision: Excess glucose may be seeping into the eye, changing the shape of the lens. Difficulty in focusing or changes in eyesight from one day to the next such as from nearsighted to normal vision are other visual cues for possible diabetes.

TYPE II

Type II, or non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM), makes up the majority of diabetes cases, estimated that about 13 million people in the US. Unlike Type I, Type II progresses more slowly. It can creep along unnoticed for years. Symptoms may appear gradually, becoming more intense or frequent with age. See your doctor as soon as you observe any of the following:

Any of Type I symptoms

Tingling or Numbness in Legs, Feet, or Fingers: Or you may have a burning sensation or heightened sensitivity in these extremities or on other spots on your skin. Symptoms, such as leg cramps, may appear or worsen only at night. Again, these may be signs that circulation is poor or that nerve damage is already progressing.

Frequent Infections: Diabetes weakens the body's defenses against invasions of bacteria. Infections of the gums, urinary tract, or skin that keep recurring or take a long time to clear up show that the disease may have begun interfering with the immune system.

Itching of Skin or Genitals: This may be the result of an underlying infection or dehydration, a common by-product of diabetes.

Slow Healing of Cuts and Bruises: Because diabetes affects how cells use the nutrients obtained from food, the body may have difficulty repairing damaged tissue. Diabetes also thickens blood vessels, slowing circulation and preventing wounds from receiving, through the blood, these needed nutrients and oxygen.

Unfortunately, too many of these symptoms can be overlooked or blamed on other conditions. Make sure to have your blood sugar level checked yearly, at the very least, and more frequently if there are manifestations of any of the symptoms above.

Article Source: http://www.articlesbase.com/non-fiction-articles/diabetes-the-silent-killer-92955.html

About the Author

Diabetes The Silent Killer can be found at http://www.health-fitness-lifestyle.com/sp/coping-with-diabetes.html

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Diabetes Meal Plans & a Healthy Diet

Author: Passport2Riches Network

Diabetes Meal Plan from Quality Health

What is a diabetes meal plan?

Diabetes Meal Planner to Help You Maintain Your Ideal Diet. A diabetes meal plan is a guide that tells you how much and what kinds of food you can choose to eat at meals and snack times. A good meal plan should fit in with our schedule and eating habits. The right meal plan will help you improve your blood glucose, blood pressure, and cholesterol numbers and also help keep your weight on track. Whether you need to lose weight or stay where you are, your meal plan can help.

People with diabetes have to take extra care to make sure that their food is balanced with insulin and oral medications, and exercise to help manage their blood glucose levels.

This might sound like a lot of work, but your doctor and/or dietitian can help you create a meal plan that is best for you. When you make healthy food choices, you will improve your overall health and you can even prevent complications such as heart disease, some cancers, and hypertension.

What is a diabetes meal plan?

Diabetes Meal Planner to Help You Maintain Your Ideal Diet. A diabetes meal plan is a guide that tells you how much and what kinds of food you can choose to eat at meals and snack times. A good meal plan should fit in with our schedule and eating habits. The right meal plan will help you improve your blood glucose, blood pressure, and cholesterol numbers and also help keep your weight on track. Whether you need to lose weight or stay where you are, your meal plan can help.

People with diabetes have to take extra care to make sure that their food is balanced with insulin and oral medications, and exercise to help manage their blood glucose levels.

This might sound like a lot of work, but your doctor and/or dietitian can help you create a meal plan that is best for you. When you make healthy food choices, you will improve your overall health and you can even prevent complications such as heart disease, some cancers, and hypertension.

There are many ways to help you follow your diabetes meal plan. Some ways are following the Food Guide Pyramid, Rating your Plate, Exchanges Lists, and Carbohydrate Counting. They are all different but hopefully one is right for you.

What is a healthy diet?

A healthy diet is a way of eating that that reduces risk for complications such as heart disease and stroke. Healthy eating includes eating a wide variety of foods including vegetables, whole grains, fruits, non-fat dairy products, beans, and lean meats, poultry and fish. There is no one perfect food so including a variety of different foods and watching portion sizes is key to a healthy diet. Also, make sure your choices from each food group provide the highest quality nutrients you can find. In other words, pick foods rich in vitamins, minerals and fiber over those that are processed.

People with diabetes can eat the same foods the family enjoys. Everyone benefits from healthy eating so the whole family can take part in healthy eating. It takes some planning but you can fit your favorite foods into your meal plan and still manage your blood glucose, blood pressure and cholesterol.

Fill out this quick diabetes survey and then register to be a member of Quality Health. Offers users FREE information and samples along with meal planning guides.

There are many ways to help you follow your diabetes meal plan. Some ways are following the Food Guide Pyramid, Rating your Plate, Exchanges Lists, and Carbohydrate Counting. They are all different but hopefully one is right for you.

What is a healthy diet?

A healthy diet is a way of eating that that reduces risk for complications such as heart disease and stroke. Healthy eating includes eating a wide variety of foods including vegetables, whole grains, fruits, non-fat dairy products, beans, and lean meats, poultry and fish. There is no one perfect food so including a variety of different foods and watching portion sizes is key to a healthy diet. Also, make sure your choices from each food group provide the highest quality nutrients you can find. In other words, pick foods rich in vitamins, minerals and fiber over those that are processed.

People with diabetes can eat the same foods the family enjoys. Everyone benefits from healthy eating so the whole family can take part in healthy eating. It takes some planning but you can fit your favorite foods into your meal plan and still manage your blood glucose, blood pressure and cholesterol.

Fill out this quick diabetes survey and then register to be a member of Quality Health. Offers users FREE information and samples along with meal planning guides.

Click Here to receive FREE Diabetes Meal Plan Guide

Article Source: http://www.articlesbase.com/alternative-medicine-articles/diabetes-meal-plans-a-healthy-diet-1163871.html

About the Author

Ahmet Asar

http://myhealthmd.com

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Boost your Beta Cells with Ayurvedic Anti-Diabetic Herbs!

Author: Dr Mukesh D Jain

The silent killer Diabetes has been gifted to us by today’s hectic unhealthy life style. There are so many causative factors of diabetes of which ‘tensions in life’ is number one. It is a chronic metabolic disorder in which the body is unable to make proper use of glucose resulting in hyperglycemia (high blood sugar) and glycosuria (sugar in urine). Poorly managed diabetes can lead to a host of long-term complications like Heart attacks, Strokes, Blindness, Nerve damage, Impotence in men and Pruritus (Itching).

Diabetes mellitus type 1 is caused by the destruction or dysfunction of insulin-producing beta cells by the cells of the immune system. In Diabetes mellitus type 2, by contrast, beta cells decline gradually over time, and insulin resistance plays at least as large a role in the disease.

From pathogenesis point of view, Ayurveda has recognised five important components of DM viz: Dosha, Dusya, Srotas, Ama and Agni, all necessary factors to regulate beta cells function in the pancrease. The pathogenesis runs in a specific manner. (i) First, Sleshma -Dushti is the primary factor because of unhealthy life style. The Dushta (morbid) Shleshma circulates in the body. The Dhaus in the body are loose i.e. not compact and not properly metabolised. (ii) Th adipose tissue (Meda Dhatu) may be in excess, unbound and unutilized. (iii) The morbid Meda & Sleshma both, come in contact with Mamsa Dhatu (muscular tissue) and also with body fluids (Kleda) and vitiate them. (iv) If Mamsa is vitiated, skin lesions like dermatisis, acne, boils, fungal infections etc are produced. (v) If body fluid (Kleda) is vitiated, urinary frequency is increased and the Dhatus also flow out with urine. (vi) In the long run the nephrons and tubules (Mutravaha Srotas) are obstruted and diabetic kidney ailment (Nephritis) takes place.

Thus from Ayurvedic perspective we can understand that Diabetes is not mere high sugar level of blood and the disease is not only restricted to frequent urination. There is derangement in the fat (Meda) metabolism. We need to understand that fat is surplus and not properly metabolised. Also fluid balance in the body is disturbed.

Un-healthy life style is the real cause –

1] Diet increasing kapha dosha such as sugar, fats, potatoes, rice.
2] Lack of exercise.
3] Mental stress and strain.
4] Excessive sleep etc.

Common Symptoms –

1] Excessive urine formation & Frequent urination.
2] Burning of palms and soles.
3] Increased hunger
4] Excessive Thirst.
5] Weight Loss and Uexplained feeling of tiredness.
6] Blurry Vision
7] Wounds that take time to heal and lasting skin infections.

Diagnosis: - The American Diabetes Association (ADA), the International Diabetes Federation (IDF), and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD) have joined forces to recommend the use of the hemoglobin A1C assay for the diagnosis of diabetes. A1C has numerous advantages over plasma glucose measurement and it is a more stable chemical moiety.... It's more convenient. The patient doesn't need to fast, and measuring A1C is more convenient and easier for patients who will no longer be required to perform a fasting or oral glucose tolerance test.... And it is correlated tightly with the risk of developing retinopathy. The committee has determined that an A1C value of 6.5% or greater should be used for the diagnosis of diabetes.

Ayurvedic Treatment: There are two types of diabetic patients, the obese (Stula Pramehi) and the asthetic (Krish Pramehi). Purificative Panch Karma therapy is recommended for obese and strong diabetics. It aims at reducing the kapha aggrevating diet (i.e. carbohydrates diet) apart from decreasing the total quantity of diet. The idea is to cut the caloric over load.

The weak and thin patients should be given improved ayurvedic nourishment (Brimghana therapy). Barley (Yavagu) is important diet for diabetic patient. Fresh Amla juice (Emblica officinalis) taken with Curcuma longa (Haridra) gives good results. Sensible diet planning and regular Yogic support is the cornerstone of managing diabetes. Some ayurvedic herbs such as Tinospora cordiflia (Gulvel), Swertia chirayata, Jambhul (Eugenia jambolana), Gurmar (gymnema sylvestre), Bel (Aegle marmelos), Shilájit, Turmeric, Neem and Triphala are useful in the lond term management of Diabetes.

Gulbetic Forte is a promising ayurvedic supplement . It is natural blend of Tinospora cordifolia, Gymnema sylvestre, Swertia chirayata processed with Neem and Shilajit. It regulate beta cells nutrition and boost insulin production. It absorbs Kleda and digests abnormal fat (Meda) and also removes the toxins from Meda dhatu. Gulbetic is safe formula for weight conscious diabetic patients.

Article Source: http://www.articlesbase.com/diseases-and-conditions-articles/boost-your-beta-cells-with-ayurvedic-antidiabetic-herbs-960845.html

About the Author

Hon. President of AYUSH Academy of Ayurvedic Medical Sciences & Fellow of French Association of Medical Yoga. Double graduated in Basic Sciences, Ayurveda with Modern Medicine and Surgery both from Sagar & Ravi Shanker Universities. A teacher, researcher, an author of two scientific books on Ayurveda & Yoga; On editorial board of several journals including Global Ayurveda & Light on Ayurveda Journal. Currently head of Panch Karma Clinic on Neuro-Muscular Diseases in Bhilai.
Profile:
http://openlibrary.org/a/OL4097418A

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Choose the Right Foods to Lower Your Blood Sugar Level

Author: Julia Hanf

Diabetes is a condition that millions of people manage on a daily basis. People with diabetes must be mindful of the foods and beverages they consume. Whether or not you have had natural diabetes all of your life or have been recently diagnosed with Type 2 diabetes, it is crucial that you engage in healthy food choices.

The majority of your food selections should be based on a whole foods approach. Whole foods are natural and organic foods. These foods are created with the highest standards and are tailored for people with conditions such as diabetes, gluten intolerance, and other conditions. Seek out whole food and organic supermarkets in your area.

What food choices should people with diabetes make to manage their diabetes glucose levels? First, think back to nature such as vegetables and fruits. Nature has provided a wealth of vegetables to keep your palate enticed. For example, have a spinach salad with broccoli and carrots at dinner.

To control your blood sugar levels you have to monitor your carbohydrate consumption. Breads and pastas can spike your blood sugar, but this can be minimized if you consume whole grain breads and pastas. These are easy to find at a whole foods organic market.

For your entree keep the focus on fish, chicken and turkey. You can consume lean cuts of beef and pork in moderation. Make sure to remove the fatty skin and use healthy liquid oils, such as olive oil, when you cook foods. In addition, stick to non-fat dairy products. You can consume skim milk, non fat cheese, and non fat yogurt.

If you have diabetes you may feel that you have to miss out on the sweet taste of foods. This is not so. You can add cinnamon in moderation to foods to give them a sweet taste. Cinnamon may actually have a positive effect on your blood glucose levels, especially for people with Type 2 diabetes. Therefore, cinnamon is a great way to get the sweet fix you desire.

Lastly, don't forget about what you drink! Beverages can be a roadblock to lowering blood sugar levels. Diabetes treatment should include drinking plenty of water and an occasional diet drink that has zero calories.

There are some foods that you should avoid like the plague. Avoid processed foods such as candy, chips, sodas, fruit punch, and cookies. These contain an excessive amount of sugar and carbohydrates that will have your blood glucose level soaring. Watch out for foods labeled as sugar free as well. This labeling is misleading and they can often raise your blood sugar levels as much as common sugar foods.

Remember that consuming healthy foods is not a free for all. If you eat too much of any type of food you will gain weight. Gaining weight is especially disastrous for people with diabetes. Stick to healthy portions and monitor your caloric intake.

Diabetics may have to spend more time analyzing what they eat and drink, but it is a manageable process. The number of whole food organic supermarkets is on the rise which is a major benefit for people with diabetes. Take advantage of their services to help you control your blood sugar levels and enjoy food at the same time.

Article Source: http://www.articlesbase.com/non-fiction-articles/choose-the-right-foods-to-lower-your-blood-sugar-level-127748.html

About the Author

Julia Hanf author of the book How To Play the Diabetes Diet Game and Win Through a real life crisis Julia figured out how to live diabetes free. Visit Your Diabetes Cure and learn more about your solution for diabetes.

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Diabetes Mellitus Type 1 – Symptoms, Causes and Treatment

Author: hardeep

Special areas in the pancreas gland, the islets of Langerhans, produce a hormone called insulin. This hormone is a protein of small size. Insulin stimulates muscle cells and other body cells to take up glucose from the blood and convert the glucose to glycogen, a kind of starch, and then store the glycogen. By need the body cells convert the glycogen to glucose and use it as fuel. In this way insulin keeps the glucose level in the blood at a normal size.

By diabetes type I the cells producing insulin are destroyed. Then less glucose is taken up from the blood into the body cells and utilized there, and glucose accumulates in the blood.

THE CAUSES AND MECHANISMS OF DIABETES TYPE I

The cause of the disease is not well known. An auto-immune response attacking the insulin producing cells in the langerhansian islets may be a cause. Virus infection may be another cause. The disease also is to some extend inherited.

When the glucose uptake into the body cells is reduced, but glucose instead accumulates in the blood, the following physiological effects occur:

-The body cells do not get enough fuel for the work they shall do.

-The molecular thickness (osmality) of the blood increases. This causes water to be pulled out from the body tissues and into the blood. The tissues thus get dried out and the urine production increases.

-The tissues begin to break down protein and fat to get energy, causing weight loss and muscular reduction.

The symptoms of diabetes type 1 are a consequence of these mechanisms.

SYMPTOMS OF DIABETES TYPE 1

The disease often starts suddenly. Often children or young people are attacked by the disease. The lack of insulin causes an increased amount of blood sugar. Early symptoms of the disease are:

-Increased urine production

-Dehydration (lack of water in the body)

-Abnormally high thirst as a consequence of increased urine production

-Dryness in the mouth

-An abnormal high appetite

-Feeling extremely tired and weak

-Weight loss, even when one eats well

-Impaired vision

If the blood sugar level is not stabilized to a normal value, there will be an accumulation of chemicals in the body called ketones, and this condition is called diabetic ketoacidosis. This serious condition can lead to coma and death. The signs of ketoacidosis are:

-Vomiting,

-Pain in the stomach

-Rapid breathing,

-High pulse rate

-Somnolence (abnormal tendency to sleep)

In the long term, diabetes type 1 can severely hurt the blood vessels in vital organs. This can further cause damage to the heart, eyes, kidneys or other body organs.

TREATMENTS OF DIABETES TYPE 1

Diabetes type 1 is treated with insulin injections. Implanting insuline cells in the pancreas is an experimental treatment. Another experimental treatment is to implant stem cells in the pancreas that can develop into new insulin producing cells.

Another important module of the treatment is regulation of the amount of sugar and fat consumed through the diet so that it fits together with the insulin-amount injected. Also regular monitoring of the blood sugar level to regulate the insulin amount is an important part of the treatment.

There are also natural products in the market that can help to normalize the blood sugar level by diabetes type 2. Those products cannot heal the disease or replace insulin injections, but they can help the body to regulate the blood sugar level. These products contain minerals that are working components of enzymes that stimulate the glucose metabolism in the body. They also contain herbs that have been used for a long time in traditional medicine to regulate the glucose level and that have proven their effects in scientific studies.

Article Source: http://www.articlesbase.com/health-articles/diabetes-mellitus-type-1-symptoms-causes-and-treatment-1111222.html

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Exercise Can Help a Diabetics Avoid Amputation

Author: Dr Christopher Segler

Television shows that focus on dramatic weight loss frequently highlight someone with Type-2 diabetes. Often after the diabetic has lost weight through a program of exercise, the diabetes appears to have been "cured." Although it is well known that exercise is healthy, the question is whether or not exercise can really treat diabetes effectively. It turns out that there is a great deal of scientific evidence to suggest that it can.

In the simplest of terms, diabetes is a disease where the body cannot effectively produce or use a hormone known as insulin. Without insulin, the blood sugar increases and carbohydrates and sugars are not used effectively by the body's cells. Most diabetes treatments focus on controlling blood sugar either by administering insulin directly or through the use medications that change the body's ability to use insulin.

One of the very best ways to treat diabetes is with exercise. We know that when a patient has diabetes, diet and exercise can significantly change the course of the disease. In fact, studies have shown that after 45 minutes of aerobic exercise, such as brisk walking or running, a diabetic patient's insulin sensitivity may increase for up to 48 hours.

This is extremely beneficial for type 2 diabetics. A study published in 2009 clearly demonstrated that 150 minutes of exercise each week dramatically increased insulin sensitivity. This increase in the body's ability to use the insulin that is already present may mean the difference between taking insulin shots or not for a type 2 diabetic.

Not only can aerobic exercise control diabetes by changing the way the body uses insulin, but it also can help a number of other diabetes related conditions. We know that in all people, exercise can lower cholesterol levels. Hyperlipidemia or high cholesterol is another condition affecting diabetics. We know that the VLDL and LDL (bad cholesterol) is lowered with exercise, while HDL (good cholesterol) is increased.

In addition, walking and other forms of regular aerobic exercise can lower blood pressure. Hypertension or high blood pressure is a common complication of diabetes. It has been demonstrated in a number of clinical studies that regular exercise. Typically has the effect of reducing the blood pressure by about 10mm/Hg. Lowering of blood pressure is one of the most effective ways to reduce the risk of death related to stroke and heart attack.

Morbid obesity is a problem that is also very closely related to type-2 diabetes. Obesity alone is a major risk factor for heart disease. It also leads to insulin resistance, making diabetes harder to manage. When someone with diabetes loses 15 to 20 pounds, the fasting insulin levels can drop by 30 to 50%. Because of this there is much better control of the blood sugar.

Heart attacks and strokes are also common in type 2 diabetic patients. In fact, about 20% of type 2 diabetics already have coronary artery disease by the time they are diagnosed with diabetes. Regular aerobic activity such as walking has been shown to significantly reduce the risk of heart attack and stroke.

When we compare two identical people, yet one is diabetic and what is not, the one who is diabetic is actually four times more likely to suffer a heart attack. Thanks to the work of Dr. Kenneth Cooper, we know that aerobic exercise can prolong a person's life. In 1968, he wrote a book entitled Aerobics. At the time he was widely criticized for his opinions about prolonging life through vigorous exercise. 40 years after Dr. Cooper expressed his theories, they are widely accepted as scientific fact.

More recently, a study published by Stanford University researchers provided encouraging news for all inactive adults. So don't think you need to be a marathon runner in order to benefit from exercise. Those who are completely sedentary and started a modest exercise program cut their risk of a cardiovascular death nearly in a half. This shows that the greatest benefits of exercise in terms of health and longevity are the easiest to achieve.

Your muscles must have oxygen in order to function. Oxygen is carried to the muscles in the bloodstream. The arteries can become damaged by diabetes. Poor circulation known as peripheral arterial disease can gradually decrease the amount of blood flow to your feet. This is one of the circumstances that can put you at risk for development of gangrene. Gangrene is one of the leading causes of diabetic foot amputations.

One way to combat this problem is with exercise. When you begin to walk, the muscles in your feet and legs start to consume oxygen much faster than when you are sitting still. The body will increase blood flow to the area in order to keep up with the demand. If you are in the process of developing peripheral arterial disease, you will have to develop additional blood vessels in order to keep up with the demand for oxygen caused by exercise. Doctors call this collateral circulation. In essence, you develop backup blood vessels, which can prevent you from having poor circulation. This will only occur if you exercise.

All people that have diabetes are at risk for developing open sores on their feet known as diabetic foot ulcers. These open wounds are the precursors that lead to diabetic foot amputations. Because of this, wound healing is very important. A number of studies have clearly shown that exercise helps dramatically speed wound healing. Wounds that heal faster are much less likely to become infected and lead to an amputation.

When the blood sugar is high, the white blood cells that directly fight infection by eating the bacteria are essentially disabled. By reducing the blood glucose, a diabetic patient can increase the effectiveness of his or her immune system. This can mean the difference between a simple open sore and a diabetic foot infection that leads to an amputation.

The primary goal of treating diabetes is to prevent avoidable long-term complications. With so many positive effects of exercise it is clear that any diabetic patient could benefit from exercise. Although exercise may not cure diabetes, there is no doubt that every diabetic can benefit from a structured walking or exercise program. As with any type of exercise, be sure to consult with your personal physician before starting a new exercise routine.

Article Source: http://www.articlesbase.com/health-articles/exercise-can-help-a-diabetics-avoid-amputation-962850.html

About the Author

Dr. Christopher Segler is an author, inventor and award winning diabetic foot doctor. After discovering how amputations result from a failing health care system, it became his passion to teach strategies to stop diabetic amputation. If you have diabetes, you can learn more by requesting your FREE report "No Leg Left To Stand On: The Secrets Insurance Companies Don't Want You To Know About Diabetic Foot Amputation" at http://www.ineedmyfeet.com.

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Discover How to Control and Treat Diabetes - 30 Topics

Author: Lamar Deane

Diabetes is a disease in which the body is unable to properly use the sugar called glucose to fuel our bodies for energy and growth the body needs. Virtually all of the food we consume is broken down into glucose sugar that enters into the bloodstream. The pancreas produces insulin which takes the glucose from the bloodstream into body cells, where it is then used for body fuel. If the pancreas doesn't produce enough insulins or the cells don't use insulin properly, the glucose builds up in the bloodstream while the cells that fuel the body are starved of energy. Overtime, if not treated diabetes can lead to serious health complications such as risk for heart disease, kidney renal disease, blindness, and nerve problems.

There are three types of diabetes. Type 1 and 2 diabetes and gestational
diabetes.

Type 1 diabetes:

Type 1 of diabetes is more serious than type 2 diabetes, in that the pancreas can no longer produce insulin, which control blood sugar (glucose) resulting in having to take insulin shots or other medication for diabetes. Sometimes referred to as juvenile diabetes, type 1 diabetes, although developing most often in children and teenagers, type 1 diabetes can occur at any age. Early diagnosis is crucial in preventing other serious complications brought about by diabetes disease and the effects of diabetes, such as heart disease, chronic kidney disease, being blind, nerve damage, and high blood pressure level. Some symptoms for diabetes are:

* Loss of weight
* Fatique-no energy
* Excessive thirst
* Increase in appetite
* Vision eyesight blurred
* Frequent urinating

Type 2 diabetes:

Type 2 of diabetes is the more common form of diabeties and although there is no cure for type 2 diabetes it can usually be controlled by losing weight and getting rid of excess fat, exercise, and eating healthy foods. Those with type 2 diabetes are able to create insulin; however, the pancreas can't create enough insulin for a healthy blood sugar level or a normal glucose range to enter body cells to be used for self energy. Some of the diabetes risk factors associated with type 2 diabetes are:

* Genetic ancestry: If a parent or sibling has diabetes two the risk is higher for another family member of getting the disease.

* Being overweight

* Type 2 diabetes increases with age 45 and up

* Race or ethnic background. The risk of type 2 diabetes is greater in Africans, Latin Americans, Native Americans and Asians

* Non active. Health and fitness exercise is important for keeping type 2 diabetes under control

* Elevated blood pressure

Gestational diabetes: what is gestational diabetes?

Gestational diabetes, sometimes called glucose intolerance pregnancy, affects women who have high blood glucose levels during pregnancy. Usually, for most women there are no signs of symptoms. Most women are routinely screened between 24 and 28 weeks of pregnancy with a gestational diabetes testing glucose screening test. Screening is usually done by what's known as the oral glucose tolerance test. This test measures blood sugar glucose to see if the body is handling the breaking down of blood sugars. Controlling gestational diabetes consist of diet & nutrition and exercise.

With any one of these diabetes types, controlling diabetes with diet, exercise and keeping blood glucose levels as close to normal as possible is crucial for a diabetic.

Article Source: http://www.articlesbase.com/medicine-articles/discover-how-to-control-and-treat-diabetes-30-topics-451707.html

About the Author
Lamar Deane offers over 30 topics on Diabetes Causes, Treatments, Prevention, Exercising and Losing Weight

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Celebs with Type 2 Diabetes: Randy Jackson

Author: Dr Christopher Segler

Randy Jackson, famous for being a judge on American Idol and for producing such artists as Whitney Houston and Mariah Carey, found out that he had type 2 diabetes in 2001. At the time, he was 45 years old and weighed 360 lbs. "I was in the worst shape of my life," recalls Jackson. For weeks, Randy had been feeling tired, thirsty, and overheated. His father was diabetic and took insulin shots, but Jackson put off a trip to the doctor, thinking that he just had a cold instead. Type 2 diabetes is the most common form of diabetes. In type 2 diabetes, the body either does not produce enough insulin or the cells ignore the insulin.

"I was feeling really ill over a couple days, thought I had a cold, was running a high fever. I finally went to the doctor and they said, 'Guess what? You have type 2 diabetes.' It ran in my family and all this, so it was a little hereditary for me, but also it was not healthy living, eating, anything, exercise that I was doing, and I was really heavy at that time," says Jackson.

"You don't think it's going to happen to you," he said.

If you are overweight, it doesn't necessarily mean you will become a diabetic. However, being obese and not exercizing can contribute to the development of type 2 diabetes.. Diabetics either produce too little insulin or their cells ignore it, a condition called "insulin resistance." Insulin takes glucose, broken down from the sugars and starches we eat, from the blood into the cells. Glucose simply builds up in the blood instead of feeding the cells energy without it.

Most diabetics develop a resistance to insulin as adults. This makes type 2 diabetes the more common of the two different types. Doctors still don't understand why diabetics' cells are no longer able to use insulin properly.

The pancreas gradually becomes unable to produce more insulin as the need grows. The immediate effects are fatigue and dizziness, but over time high blood-glucose levels can cause damage to the eyes, kidneys, nerves and heart. Without proper care, diabetics are at risk for heart attacks, blindness and foot amputations. There are about 86,000 diabetes-related amputations annually in the United States, according to the Johns Hopkins Hospital. The number one killer of type 2 diabetics is heart disease.

An estimated 20.Eight million Americans now have diabetes. Only five to ten percent of those have type 1. Of those, doctors estimate 6.2 million haven't been diagnosed. Another 54 million Americans have "prediabetic" elevated blood-glucose levels. (Check out your own risk by taking the test at diabetes.org.)

When Randy Jackson was diagnosed with diabetes, he had gastric bypass surgery and lost 110 lbs.

"It really helped to get the disease to a manageable level for me so I could just go on medication," Jackson said.

Jackson is now the spokesperson for the American Heart association's campaign. He is hoping that he can raise awareness because he says that a third of the people who have the disease do not even know it.

Here are some tips from Randy Jackson on how to deal with type 2 diabetes: - Keep active and maintain a healthy lifestyle with a healthy body weight.

"I learned to love the treadmill," Randy admits. "I hated it before, but I really love it because of my busy lifestyle. It's something I can always do, jump on the treadmill for 45 minutes." - Go to the doctor.

"Definitely consult your doctor and have regular visits," Jackson said. "Men are really bad about going to the doctor. You should go about four times a year at least. And normalize your blood sugar. Check it all the time and try to eat a balanced diet."

Jackson says he was an emotional eater and, especially coming from the South where fattening comfort food abounds, it was difficult for him to change his habits.

"It's trying to get sensible about that. Moderation is the key to dieting. Too much of anything is going to be terrible for you," he said.

Article Source: http://www.articlesbase.com/health-articles/celebs-with-type-2-diabetes-randy-jackson-969761.html

About the Author

Dr. Christopher Segler is an author, inventor and award winning diabetic foot doctor. After discovering how amputations resulted from a failing health care system, it became his passion to teach strategies to stop diabetic amputation. If you have diabetes, you can learn more by requesting your FREE report "No Leg Left To Stand On: The Secrets Insurance Companies Don't Want You To Know About Diabetic Foot Amputation" at http://ineedmyfeet.com.

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To Compare the Role of Glibenclamide and Pioglitazone Drugs in Type 11 Non- Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus Patients

Author: lalaghulamrasool bhurgri

To compare the role of glibenclamide and pioglitazone drugs in type 11 non- insulin dependent diabetes mellitus patients.

Introduction:-

Diabetes comes from the greek word for ‘SIPHON" which one is the first term and implies for a lot of urine is made .The trm "mellitus" comes from a laton word, "met" which means "honey" and was used because the urine was sweet (Wheeler,2004)

Diabetic ketaocidosis is one of life threatening condition requiring some data hospitalization and treatment. Recognition of this condition is of almost importance, because even small delays can have an impact on survival (Nattrass, 2006). Hypoglycaemia are involved in insulin induced episodes in individuals with diabetes. Probably the major factor prescribing, insulin treated patient from achieving the glucose targets needed to prevent diabetic complications. The incidence of hypoglycaemia reflects the inadequancy of current mathods of insulin delievery which lead ot inappropriately high insulin concentration, particularly some persons after eating more foods at night onset of blindness and also a major risk factor heart disease and stroke

(Heller, 2003).

TYPES OF DIABETE MELLITUS

Type II diabetes is a complex metabolic disorder associated with, b -cells dysfunction and with varying degree of insulin resistance primary pathogenic factors leading insulin resistance leading to type 2 diabetes and decreased insulin, secretion which arise from abnormalities with in liver, skeletal muscle and pancreatic b -cells (charles & clark, 1996).

GESTATIONAL DIABETUS MELLITUS

SECONDARY DIABETUS MELLITUS:

Secondary diabetes is due to disease of the pancreatic and endocrime system, genetic disorders, or exposure to chemical agents.

Type – I diabetes formerly known as insluin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM), is characterized by the destruction of the pancreatic beta cells that produces inslulin

Type – I diabetes formerly known as insulin dependent diabetes(IDDM),is characterized by the destruction of pancreatic beta cells that produces insulin.Type-1 diabetes occures most often in children and young adults but it can occures at any age.(Anderson et al 2007).

Type-11 diabetes is not straight uprward. A pancreas that does not produce enough insulin. Liver that release too much glucose,muscle cells that do not readily take in glucose.(Carren 2008)

Many genetic factors are involved in the development of diabetes.Because of new genetic methodology researchers are closers to identifying all of the cadidate gene for both non –insulin dependent and insulin dependent diabetes(Bernhard,1995).

Woman who had gestation diabetes are more likely to develop Type-11diabetes themselves.Pergnant women with diabetes are another disadvantaged group.They need much more intensive antenatal care and close monitoring of blood sugar,blood pressure and weight.(jawed2006)

Over weight children the progression of child obesity into adulthood is associated with early develop of complications, including IgpG2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease.Type diabetes is the most common clinical form of diabetes accountingforabout 90% of all cases,it is currently undergoing world wide epidemic. Type 11diabetes mellitus is caused by body’s infective use of insulin, it is often results from excess body weight and physical inactivity(WHO 2007).

PREVALACES& IINCIDENCE

:

Diabetes mellitus increases with aging, in 200 the prevalance of diabetes,it was estimated to be 0.19% people<20 years old and 8.6% in people>20 years old.There is considered geographic variation in the incidence of both type-1 and type-11 diabetes mellitus.Scavandinvian has the highest incidence of type-1 diabetes mellitus e.g in Finland, the incidence is 35/100,000 per year the pacific rim has a much lower rate in japan and china the incidence is 1 to 3/100,00 per year of type-1 diabetes mellitus, Northern Europe and the United States share an intermediate rate (8to17/100,000 per year).The prevalence of type 11 diabeties mellitus is highest in certain pacific island, intermediate in countries such as India and the United States, and relatively low in Russia and China.This variability is likely due to genetic, beharioral and enviromental factors(Power 2005).Diabettes mellitus prevalance also arises among different ethic population within a given countries it is common inall ethnic groups its prevalance increased with age and more than 5% of individuals of more than 65 years of age have diabetes mellitus (David Owerback 1988).The World wide prevalence of diabetes mellitus has risen dramatically over past two decades.The prevalence of type11 diabettes mellitus is expected, type 11 diabetes mellitus is more prevalent among Hispanies Native Americas,African,American,and Asians, pacific Islanders than in non- Hispanic whites,the incidence is essentially equal in woman and men in all populations. Type 11 diabetes is becoming increasingly common because people are living longer,and the prevalence of diabetes increases with age it is also seen more frequently now than before in young people, in association with the rising prevalenceof childhood obesity although type11 diabetes still countries with the estimated nubers of cases of diabetes in 2000and 2030.

Rank Country

2000 Individuals country with diabetes (milloins)

Country

2030 Individuals with diabtes (Million)

India

31.7

India

79.47

China

20.8

China

42.3

USA

17.7

USA

30.3

Indonesia

8.4

Indonesia

21.3

Japan

6.8

Pakistan

13.9

Pakistan

5.2

Brazil

11.3

Russian federation

4.6

Bangladesh

11.1

Brazil

4.6

Japan

8.9

Italy

4.3

Philippines

7.8

Bangladesh

3.2

Egypt

6.7

(Wareham& FOROUHI 2OO6)

DRUG TREATMENT OF DIABETIES MELLITUS

:

Biguanides lower blood glucose, they increase glucose uptake and utilize in skeletal muscle there by reducing insulin resistance, and reduce hepatic glucose production (gluconeogenesis).Lower blood glucose, addionally reduces low denisity and very low denisity lipoproteins (LDL and VLDL) respectively. Metformin has a half life of about 3 hours and is excreted unchanged in the urine.Clinically metformin used in type 2 diabetic who are obese and who fail treatment with diet alone.Adverse effects are produced dose related gastrointestinal disturbances e.g anorexia,diarrhoea,nausea,lactic acidosis rare but potentially fatal toxic effect.(Dale,2003).

Improving insulin sensitivity by activating certain genes involved in fat synthesis and carbohydrate metabolism Rosigilitazone and Piogiltazone are currently approved.Thiazolidinediones. Thiazolidinediones do not cause hypoglycemia when used alone,although they are usually taken in combination with sulfonylurease.

In some incouraging studies, thaiazolidiniones have produced very favorable effects on the heart, including reducing blood pressure and improving triglycerides and cholestrol levels including increasing HDL level,the good cholestrol. They may also block a molecule called 11 Best HSK that may play a significant role in metabolic syndrome,as well as diabetes type11. One study also sugessted that Rosiglitazone may even improve beta cells functions and so help prevent progression of diabetes.Anemia, weight gain, increased risk of fluid buildup, may worson heart failure.Troglitazone,was withdrawn after a few reports of heart failure.Liver failure abd death.Current Thiazoldinediones don not appear to pose the same effects on the liver although there have been a few reports of liver injury.

In patients with dietry failur the choice of a sulfonylurea agent or insulin therapy has been controversial and empric in favour of insulin therapy are the studies, who reported marked improvement post receptor diagnostic after intensive short term therapy in untreated type 2 diabetes mellitus (Scarlett et al,1984) Sulfonylureas further classified into two groups or generations based on their potency,duration,drug interaction,side effects profiles. Sulfonylureas enhance insulin action in cells in culture and stimulate the synthesis of glucose transporters (Jacobes et al 1998).A sulfonylurea drug should normally be the insulin secretagogue of choice, NICE (National Institute for Clinical Excellence) also recommends that a generic ,drug should be perscribed (Scsade et al1998).

RESEARCH DESIGN AND MATERIAL AND METHODS:

This study was conducted in the deprtment of Pharmacololgy and Therapeutics,Basic Medical Science Institute,Jinnah,Postgraduate Medical Centre,karachi under kind supervision od DRr:GhulamRsool Mashori,Associate Professoer and Head OF Department Of Pharmacology and Therapeutics in colloboration with Medical Outpatient Department Unit111 and Filter Clinic, Medical Department, JPMC,Karachi.

Seventy NIDDM (type-II)diabetic patients were initially enrolled in the study from the filter clinic/ out patient department Medical Unit III ,and diabetic clinic.Out of this 60 diabetic patients were associated in whole period of study, remaining 10 patients were dropped due to poor comlpiance or change in residential place.All the patients were divided in two main groups,groupI and in group II these patients were selected in this study according of inclusion and exclusion criteria.

INCLUSION CRITERIA

:

• Newly diagnose patients of non Insulin Dependent Diabtes Mellitus.
• Diagnsed patients of diabetes also including having no any history medication.
• Having either sex of age between 30 to 60 years.
• Diagnosed patients who were Non Insulin Depedent Diabetes Mellitus who were treated with Pioglitazone.
• Diagnosed patients who were Non Imsulin Depedent Mellitus, who were treated with drug Glibenclamide.

EXCLUSION CRIRERIA

:

• Patients suffering from blood pressure.
• Patients suffering from liver disease.
• Patients suffering from cardiac disease.
• Pregnancies and lactating women.
• Patient suffering from renal disorders.
• Patients having serious complications.

MATERIAL:

1. Lacets.
2. Lancet Hlder(Abbots easy touch TM2 lot 03 Asee).
3. Glucometer(Medisense) optilim one touch(Abbotts).
4. Blood glucose nest trpis (IVD for Invitro diagnostic use (Abbott Labortries,Medisense UK Ltd,Abigngdon,Ox14ITR,Masde in UK). Stored between minimum 30?, (4°-30° C) and Maximum 40°C (39°-86°F).
5. Weight Machine Model No 1101 Lot No.312. TANTIATA.

DRUGS

Tab:Daonil 5 mg (Aventis Pharma)

Drug category:Sulphonylurea.

Generic Name: Glibenclamide.

MFGLIC:No.000007 RegistrationNO.000220

MFG Date:0-06

EXP Date:7-10

Lot NO:B230

Tab:piozer (Hilton Pharm) PvtLTd.

Tab:Poizer 15mg

Drug category:Thaiazolinedione.

Generic Name:Pioglitazone Hydrochloride.

MFG LIC: O.000136 Registration No.03270

MFG Date:3-06

EXP Date:3-o9

Lot No:6287

Tab: Poizer (Hilton Pharma)pvt ltd.

PARAMETERS:

Fasting Blood Sugar (FBS).

Random Blood Sugar (RBS).

Weight.

Key words:Diabetes mellitus,Non-insulin diabetes mellitus,Insulin depedent diabetes mellitus, Daonil,poizer,Insulin.

RESULTS:

Table 1

Weight and Blood Sugar level observed on baseline day 0

In group1 and group11

Group 1

Group 11

Pioglitazone n=27

Glibenclamide n=33

Weight

63.37

+ 2.25

¯

62.7

+ 15.56

¯

Fasting Blood Sugar

172.7

+ 13.32

¯

188.42

+ 12.o5

¯

Random Blood Sugar

285.11

+ 15 .532

¯

284.18

+ 17.07

¯

All Values are expressed in Means± SEM.

FIGURE-1 weight and blood sugar levels observed on baseline (day-o)

In table No shpwing the weight (KG’S) and blood sugar (msg/dl0 levels which is observed on baseline (day-0) in both groups 9group: 1 & group11)

Group: 1 Weight in (Kg’s) mean + SEM) IS 63.37±2.25 Fasting blood sugar 172.7±13.32,and Random

blood sugar 285.11±15.32

Group:11

Weight (KG’s0 (mean +SEM)62.7±1.56 Fasting blood sugar (mg/dl0 188.42±12.05, Random blood sugar is 284.18±17.03.

Figure 2: showing the weight and blood sugar levels observed in base line (day-0) in group: 1 and group 11 weight in 9kg’s) its mean values are 63.37,62.7, Fasting blood sugar in (mg/dl) is 172.71, 188.42 Random blood sugar (mg/dl) is 285.11 &284.18.

TABLE: 2

Peroidic Observation In All Parameters Group1

Goup1(Pioglitazon) n=27

P-value

Day-0

Day-45

Day-90

Day-0to45

Day-45-90

Weight

63.37

±2.25

63.63

±2.26

63.63

±2.23

>0.05

(NS)

>0.05

(NS)

Fasting blood sugar

172.7

±13.32

165.04

±8.98

153.37

±7.59

>0.05

(NS)

0.05

(NS)

Randomblood sugar

285.11

±15.32

279.78

±13.63

255.56

±12.65

>0.05

(NS)

>0.05

(NS)

All values are expressed in Mean±SEM .(NS) Non significant.

Showing the periodic observations in all parameters in group 1 (piogiltazone) (n+27) weight P.value (day 0 to day 45)>0.05 (NS). Fasting blood sugar >0.05 (NS) Random blood sugar >0.05 (NS) P.values day 90 weight >0.05 (N.S), FBS>0.05 (N.S) 7RBS >0.05(N.S) NON SIGNIFICANT

FIGURE:2 Showing the periodic observation in all parameters in group 1 on day0 day 45& day-90.Mean values in weight (Kg) is 63.37,63.26,63.63, fbs (mg/dl) 172.7,165.04,153.37,RBS(mg/dl) 285.11,279.78,255.56.

TABLE NO3

Peroidic Observation in All Parameters Group11

Group 11 (Glibenclamide)

N=33

P-value

Day-0

Day-45

Day-90

Day-0 to 45

Day-45 to 90

Weight

62.7

±1.56

65.64

±2.10

64.55

±1.92

>0.05(NS)

0.05(NS0

Fasting blood sugar

188.42

±12.05

168.45

±10.99

140.06

±5.68

>0.05(NS)

>0.05(S)

Random blood sugar

284.18

±17.03

220.12

±13.39

170.94

±5.80

<0.005 (MS)

0.002(MS0

(s) significant, (MS) moderate significant

All values are expressed in Mean±SEM.

Table No3:

Showing the periodic observation in all parameter in goup:11, Group:11 containing drug (Glibenclamide),no of patients (n=33).It’s P-value on day 0 to day 45 on weight >0.05(NS),FBS>0.05(N.S) RBS<0.005 (MS) <0.01- AND DAY 45 TO DAY 90 WEIGHT >0.05 (NS) FBS (0.05) RBS <0.002(M.S0 moderately significant.

Figure 3:Shwing the periodic observations in all parameters in Group 11 weight 62.7,65.64,64.55,FBS (MG/DL) 188.42,168.45 140.06,RBS(mg/dl) 284.18 220.12, 170.94 (on day-0-day 45 to 90).

DISCUSSION:

In Denmark Beck-Nielsenet al,skillman TG (1981) published studies demonstation that glyburide increased he number of receptors on the monocytes of patients with type 11 diabetes mellitus. Some patients were treated with diet and in cobination of second generation sulfonyureas agents Wie. The numbers of insulin receptors all patients were measured before and after the treatment.Intrvenous glucose test shows the persistent impairent of insulin secretion afterthe starting of drug therapy.However those patient who were on drug Pioglitazone some results were obtained of insulin secretion in the impairment in early drug drug therapy.Clinical observations have suggested that the second generation sulfonylureas may exert their effects by potentiating insulin released by other primary stimulators Insulin secreting drug.

According to the study of WilliamC Dukworth et al(1972), aftr the chronic treatment with sulfonylureas it is well documented that plasma insulin levels were decreased in response to oral glucose load. This apparently occures even though glucose tolerance is improved over pre-treatment, levels,present study clearly support that study.

The result og group 11 correlates with the research conducted by Bonnie &Kimmel (2005) produces the same results as FBS reduces from baseline, and at the end of study,with an overall 23.44%,reduction,while with the results showed at the end of study peroid p-value were (p<0,001).

Similarly Michael Alvarsson et al (2003) conducted a similar type of study and the found and overall changes of change of 22.11% in Fbs and 40.88% in Rbs at the end of trial p-value were (p<0.001).

However a study conducted by (Stone &Brown in (2003) didnot match to our results in the parameter of FBS and observer a reduction of 26.22%.

CONCLUSION:

In the light of study discussion it is obiovus the glibenclamide was more effective,tolerable and safer than pioglitzone in a short duration.Diabetes Mellitus is chronic prolong disease for whole life.Poor community can afford it easily,on base of marketing of this drug in pakistan diabetes patients easily go and purchase economically,in fact ,mostly people buy it from pharmacy without dr’s perscription,because pharmacist and patient both of know about this disease.Just like dispirin as analgesic,it is famous anti-diabetic drug in our states as compared of other anti-diabetic drugs.

REFERNCES:

1. Anderson J,Kendall,Perryman.S etal,"Diet and Diabettes" Diabetes 2006,16(3):17-19-
2. Bui H- Type 1 diabetes in childhood-Medicine 2006,3 ,1-3
3. Bernhard –Diabetes-type 11 diabetes mellitus Diabetes care 1995,19(100:12-17-
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7. Dale MM,-Treatment of Diabetes mellitus –pharmacology 20035th edition:287-391.
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13. Power AC-Epidemiology of type11 diabetes Basic facts of diabetes –Diabetes 2005;1(1)7-9
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15. Schade DS et al A placebo controlled randomized study of glimepiride in patients of Diabetes mellitus- Diabetes 19998, 38(7);636-641.
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